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ultimatepp/uppsrc/Skylark/srcdoc.tpp/Tutorial$en-us.tpp
cxl 96b89a4004 Skylark: Session variables now start with '.', cookie variables with '@' 
git-svn-id: svn://ultimatepp.org/upp/trunk@5172 f0d560ea-af0d-0410-9eb7-867de7ffcac7
2012-07-10 19:55:45 +00:00

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topic "Tutorial";
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[{_}%EN-US
[s2; Skylark Tutorial&]
[s0; &]
[s3; 1. SKYLARK handlers and path patterns&]
[s5; Skylark application is divided to `'handlers`' which provide
response to various HTTP requests based on url pattern:&]
[s7; #include <Skylark/Skylark.h>&]
[s7; &]
[s7; using namespace Upp;&]
[s7; &]
[s7; [* SKYLARK](HomePage, `"`")&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; -|http << `"<html><body>Hello world!</body></html>`";&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; [* SKYLARK](Param, `"`*/param`")&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; -|http << `"<html><body>Parameter: `" << http`[0`] << `"</html></body>`";&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; [* SKYLARK](Params, `"params/`*`*`")&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; -|http << `"<html><body>Parameters: `";&]
[s7; -|for(int i `= 0; i < http.GetParamCount(); i`+`+)&]
[s7; -|-|http << http`[i`] << `" `";&]
[s7; -|http << `"</html></body>`";&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; [* SKYLARK](CatchAll, `"`*`*`")&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; -|http.[* Redirect](HomePage);&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; struct MyApp : SkylarkApp `{&]
[s7; -|MyApp() `{&]
[s7; -|-|[* root `= `"myapp`";]&]
[s7; -|#ifdef `_DEBUG&]
[s7; -|-|prefork `= 0;&]
[s7; -|-|use`_caching `= false;&]
[s7; -|#endif&]
[s7; -|`}&]
[s7; `};&]
[s7; &]
[s7; CONSOLE`_APP`_MAIN&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; #ifdef `_DEBUG&]
[s7; -|StdLogSetup(LOG`_FILE`|LOG`_COUT);&]
[s7; -|Ini`::skylark`_log `= true;&]
[s7; #endif&]
[s7; &]
[s7; -|[* MyApp().Run();]-|&]
[s7; `}&]
[s5; Handlers are introduced by macro [@5 SKYLARK], first parameters
is the name of handler (macro creates a function that is named
this way and this id is also used in various places like page
templates) and path pattern which handler is supposed to respond
to.&]
[s5; Handler is represented by C`+`+ function with single parameter
Http`& [/ http], which is used for request processing. [@5 SKYLARK]
macro creates a header for this function and also registers it
with Skylark so that requestes matching the path pattern are
dispatched to this function. Important note: as [@5 SKYLARK] macro
uses global constructors to register handlers, handlers should
be put into .icpp files (unless they are in the same file with
`'main`').&]
[s5; Path pattern can contain parameter placeholders `'`*`' (see
[@5 Param] handler), which are then provided by [/ http] as parameters
(through operator`[`](int)). Path is always split by `'/`' characters
and each part must either be text or placeholder `- patterns
like `"something`*/to`*avoid`" are not allowed&]
[s5; Special wildcard `'`*`*`' represents any other number of placeholders
(see [@5 Params]); in special case it is useful to catch all unresolved
requests to website and [@5 Redirect] them to the application homepage
(see [@5 CatchAll]).&]
[s5; The priority of various handlers for particular request is determined
by number of text parts matched, which means that for request
`"foo/bar/32`" placeholder `"foo/bar/`*`" has priority over `"foo/`*/`*`".&]
[s5; Another concern is setting of root path for application, in
code above done by `"[* root ]`= `"[@3 myapp]`";`". This defines
the root path of application, in other words [@5 HomePage ]handler
will react to `"[@3 myapp]`" path, Param handler to e.g. `"[@3 myapp]/test/param`"
etc.&]
[s5; [@5 MyApp().Run()] starts a HTTP server (and also SCGI server)
on default port 8001, so after starting application, you should
be able to access it from your browser by entering &]
[s5; 127.0.0.1:8001/myapp&]
[s5; We then recommend to try e.g.&]
[s0; 127.0.0.1:8001/myapp/anything/param&]
[s0; 127.0.0.1:8001/myapp/params/1/2/3&]
[s0; 127.0.0.1:8001/myapp/anythingelse&]
[s0; 127.0.0.1:8001&]
[s5; (last one should result in error `"Page not found`", as no matching
handler is present)&]
[s5; &]
[s3; 2. Witz templates&]
[s5; To decouple presentation layer from application logic, Skylark
features template language `'Witz`':&]
[s7; #include <Skylark/Skylark.h>&]
[s7; &]
[s7; using namespace Upp;&]
[s7; &]
[s7; SKYLARK(HomePage, `"`")&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; -|ValueArray va;&]
[s7; -|va.Add(1);&]
[s7; -|va.Add(`"Hello`");&]
[s7; -|ValueMap m;&]
[s7; -|m.Add(`"key1`", `"first value`");&]
[s7; -|m.Add(`"key2`", `"second value`");&]
[s7; &]
[s7; -|[* http(`"MyValue`", `"some value`")]&]
[s7; [* -| (`"MyRawValue`", Raw(`"<b>raw <u>html</u></b>`"))]&]
[s7; [* -| (`"MyRawValue2`", `"<b>another raw <u>html</u></b>`")]&]
[s7; [* -| (`"MyArray`", va)]&]
[s7; [* -| (`"MyMap`", m)]&]
[s7; [* -| .RenderResult(`"Skylark02/index`");]&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; struct MyApp : SkylarkApp `{&]
[s7; -|MyApp() `{&]
[s7; -|-|root `= `"myapp`";&]
[s7; -|#ifdef `_DEBUG&]
[s7; -|-|prefork `= 0;&]
[s7; -|-|[* use`_caching ]`= false;&]
[s7; -|#endif&]
[s7; -|`}&]
[s7; `};&]
[s7; &]
[s7; CONSOLE`_APP`_MAIN&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; #ifdef `_DEBUG&]
[s7; -|StdLogSetup(LOG`_FILE`|LOG`_COUT);&]
[s7; -|Ini`::skylark`_log `= true;&]
[s7; #endif&]
[s7; &]
[s7; -|MyApp().Run();-|&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; &]
[s5; [* Skylark02/index.witz:]&]
[s7; <html>&]
[s7; <body>&]
[s7; MyValue: [* `$MyValue]<br>&]
[s7; MyRawValue: [* `$MyRawValue]<br>&]
[s7; MyRawValue2: [* `$raw(MyRawValue2)]<br>&]
[s7; <br>MyArray:<br>&]
[s7; [* `$for(i in MyArray)]&]
[s7; [* -|`$i.`_index. `$i<br>]&]
[s7; [* `$endfor]&]
[s7; <br>MyMap:<br>&]
[s7; [* `$for(i in MyMap)]&]
[s7; [* -|`$i.`_index. `$i.`_key: `$i<br>]&]
[s7; [* `$endfor]&]
[s7; </body>&]
[s7; </html>&]
[s7; &]
[s5; Witz template language loosely ressembles JavaScript. It is
able to evaluate expression, supports `"if`" and looping through
values with `"for`".&]
[s5; Witz templates are compiled at runtime. Settings configuration
variable [* use`_caching] to false makes them to compile each time
they are invoked (otherwise the compilation result is cached)
`- this is usefull while debugging, as templates can be adjusted
while application is running.&]
[s5; The search path for templates is set by another configuration
variable [* path]. Default value of [* path] is set to environment
variable `'UPP`_ASSEMBLY`_`_`', which is set by theide to current
assembly path `- which means that for debugging you do not need
to worry about [* path] as long as all templates are in U`+`+ packages
and you start the application from theide. Note that [* path] is
also used to search for static files.&]
[s5; String values are normally HTML escaped; if you need to pass
raw html code as parameter, you have to either use [@5 Raw ]C`+`+
function in application logic or [@5 raw] function in Witz.&]
[s5; &]
[s3; 3. Witz links to handlers&]
[s5; Skylark handlers are represented in witz templates as function
calls or simple variables with the same identifiers as the id
of handler; both yield `" quoted path that matches the handler
path pattern. If pattern contains parameter placeholder, it is
passed as argument of the function:&]
[s7; &]
[s7; #include <Skylark/Skylark.h>&]
[s7; &]
[s7; using namespace Upp;&]
[s7; &]
[s7; SKYLARK([* HomePage], `"`")&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; -|http.RenderResult(`"Skylark03/index`");&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; SKYLARK([* Page2], `"page2`")&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; -|http.RenderResult(`"Skylark03/page2`");&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; SKYLARK([* Param], `"paramtest/`*`")&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; -|http(`"PARAM`", http`[0`]).RenderResult(`"Skylark03/param`");&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; struct MyApp : SkylarkApp `{&]
[s7; -|MyApp() `{&]
[s7; -|-|root `= `"myapp`";&]
[s7; -|#ifdef `_DEBUG&]
[s7; -|-|prefork `= 0;&]
[s7; -|-|use`_caching `= false;&]
[s7; -|#endif&]
[s7; -|`}&]
[s7; `};&]
[s7; &]
[s7; CONSOLE`_APP`_MAIN&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; #ifdef `_DEBUG&]
[s7; -|StdLogSetup(LOG`_FILE`|LOG`_COUT);&]
[s7; -|Ini`::skylark`_log `= true;&]
[s7; #endif&]
[s7; &]
[s7; -|MyApp().Run();-|&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; &]
[s5; [* Skylark03/index.witz:]&]
[s7; <html>&]
[s7; <body>&]
[s7; <a href`=[* `$Page2]>Link to page2</a><br>&]
[s7; `$for(i in `[`"param`_test`", 123, `"param`_test3`"`])&]
[s7; -|<a href`=[* `$Param(i)]>Param test: `$i</a><br>&]
[s7; `$endfor&]
[s7; </body>&]
[s7; </html>&]
[s7; &]
[s5; [* Skylark03/page2.witz:]&]
[s7; <html>&]
[s7; <body>&]
[s7; <a href`=[* `$HomePage()]>Back to index</a><br>&]
[s7; </body>&]
[s7; </html>&]
[s7; &]
[s5; [* Skylark03/index.witz:]&]
[s7; <html>&]
[s7; <body>&]
[s7; <a href`=[* `$Page2()]>Link to page2</a><br>&]
[s7; `$for(i in `[`"param`_test`", 123, `"param`_test3`"`])&]
[s7; -|<a href`=[* `$Param(i)]>Param test: `$i</a><br>&]
[s7; `$endfor&]
[s7; </body>&]
[s7; </html>&]
[s7; &]
[s7; &]
[s3; 4. Combining Witz templates using #define and #include&]
[s5; Witz templates can be parametrized using subblock [@5 #define]
[/@5 id] and [@5 #][/@5 id] insertion and combined from several files
using [@5 #include]:&]
[s5; [* Skylark04/base.witz:]&]
[s7; <html>&]
[s7; <title>#TITLE</title>&]
[s7; <body>&]
[s7; #BODY&]
[s7; </body>&]
[s7; </html>&]
[s7; &]
[s7; #define TITLE Generic title&]
[s7; &]
[s7; &]
[s5; [* Skylark04/index.witz:]&]
[s7; #include Skylark04/base&]
[s7; &]
[s7; #define TITLE MyApp title&]
[s7; &]
[s7; #define BODY&]
[s7; This is MyApp body html!&]
[s7; &]
[s7; &]
[s3; 5. FORM GET&]
[s5; Whenever Skylark founds `'?`' sign in the request path, it converts
attached values into http`'s [/ shared variable space], which is
accessible using [* operator`[`]].&]
[s7; &]
[s7; #include <Skylark/Skylark.h>&]
[s7; &]
[s7; using namespace Upp;&]
[s7; &]
[s7; SKYLARK(HomePage, `"`")&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; -|http.RenderResult(`"Skylark05/index`");&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; SKYLARK([* Submit], `"submit`")&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; -|http(`"[* RESULT]`", ToUpper((String)[* http`[`"id`"`]]))&]
[s7; -|-|.RenderResult(`"Skylark05/submit`");&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; struct MyApp : SkylarkApp `{&]
[s7; -|MyApp() `{&]
[s7; -|-|root `= `"myapp`";&]
[s7; -|#ifdef `_DEBUG&]
[s7; -|-|prefork `= 0;&]
[s7; -|-|use`_caching `= false;&]
[s7; -|#endif&]
[s7; -|`}&]
[s7; `};&]
[s7; &]
[s7; CONSOLE`_APP`_MAIN&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; #ifdef `_DEBUG&]
[s7; -|StdLogSetup(LOG`_FILE`|LOG`_COUT);&]
[s7; -|Ini`::skylark`_log `= true;&]
[s7; #endif&]
[s7; &]
[s7; -|MyApp().Run();-|&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; &]
[s5; [* Skylark05/index.witz]&]
[s7; <html>&]
[s7; <body>&]
[s7; <form action`=[* `$Submit] method`=`"[* get]`" accept`-charset`=`"utf`-8`"
enctype`=`"multipart/form`-data`">&]
[s7; <P>&]
[s7; <INPUT type`=`"text`" name`=`"[* id]`">&]
[s7; <INPUT type`=`"submit`" value`=`"Submit`">&]
[s7; </P>&]
[s7; </form>&]
[s7; </body>&]
[s7; </html>&]
[s7; &]
[s7; &]
[s5; [* Skylark05/submit.witz]&]
[s7; <html>&]
[s7; <body>&]
[s7; Result: [* `$RESULT]<br>&]
[s7; <a href`=`$HomePage>Back to homepage</a>&]
[s7; </body>&]
[s7; </html>&]
[s7; &]
[s7; &]
[s3; 6. FORM POST&]
[s5; If HTTP method is POST and content`-type field of header contains
standard values (either `"application/x`-www`-form`-urlencoded`"
or starts with `"multipart/`", Skylark parses the posted content
and assigns posted values into shared variable space.&]
[s5; This makes handling FORM POSTs similar to GET with one exception:
To avoid [^http`:`/`/en`.wikipedia`.org`/wiki`/Cross`-site`_request`_forgery^ CSRF]
attacks, it is mandatory to include hidden field into dialog
definition provided by function [@5 `$post`_identity()] `- Skylark
manages everything required using session subsystem.&]
[s5; Request method is also part of handler path pattern (GET is
default if not specified).&]
[s7; #include <Skylark/Skylark.h>&]
[s7; &]
[s7; using namespace Upp;&]
[s7; &]
[s7; SKYLARK(HomePage, `"`")&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; -|http.RenderResult(`"Skylark06/index`");&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; SKYLARK(Submit, `"submit:[* POST]`")&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; -|http(`"RESULT`", ToUpper((String)http`[`"id`"`]))&]
[s7; -|-|.RenderResult(`"Skylark06/submit`");&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; struct MyApp : SkylarkApp `{&]
[s7; -|MyApp() `{&]
[s7; -|-|root `= `"myapp`";&]
[s7; -|#ifdef `_DEBUG&]
[s7; -|-|prefork `= 0;&]
[s7; -|-|use`_caching `= false;&]
[s7; -|#endif&]
[s7; -|`}&]
[s7; `};&]
[s7; &]
[s7; CONSOLE`_APP`_MAIN&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; #ifdef `_DEBUG&]
[s7; -|StdLogSetup(LOG`_FILE`|LOG`_COUT);&]
[s7; -|Ini`::skylark`_log `= true;&]
[s7; #endif&]
[s7; &]
[s7; -|MyApp().Run();-|&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; &]
[s5; [* Skylark06/index.witz:]&]
[s7; <html>&]
[s7; <body>&]
[s7; <form action`=`$Submit method`=`"[* post]`" accept`-charset`=`"utf`-8`"
enctype`=`"multipart/form`-data`">&]
[s7; <P>&]
[s7; [* `$post`_identity()]&]
[s7; <INPUT type`=`"text`" name`=`"id`">&]
[s7; <INPUT type`=`"submit`" value`=`"Submit`">&]
[s7; </P>&]
[s7; </form>&]
[s7; </body>&]
[s7; </html>&]
[s7; &]
[s7; &]
[s5; [* Skylark06/submit.witz:]&]
[s7; <html>&]
[s7; <body>&]
[s7; Result: `$RESULT<br>&]
[s7; <a href`=`$HomePage>Back to homepage</a>&]
[s7; </body>&]
[s7; </html>&]
[s7; &]
[s7; &]
[s5; Note: There also exists alternative POST`_RAW method marker in
SKYLARK handler definition `- such handler also reacts to POST
requests, but it avoids identity checks to prevent CSRF attacks.&]
[s5; &]
[s3; 7. Session variables&]
[s5; Http`::SessioSet method can be used to store `'session variables`'
that are persistent for specific browser across requests. Implementation
is based on cookie, session variables are stored either in filesystem
or in database (see Skylark configuration for details). Session
variables reflected in shared variable space (means its values
are accessible using [* Http`::operator`[`]]) and are distinguished
with `'.`' as the first character.&]
[s7; &]
[s7; #include <Skylark/Skylark.h>&]
[s7; &]
[s7; using namespace Upp;&]
[s7; &]
[s7; SKYLARK(HomePage, `"`")&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; -|http.RenderResult(`"Skylark07/index`");&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; SKYLARK(Submit, `"submit:POST`")&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; -|Value h `= [* http`[`".LIST`"`];]&]
[s7; -|ValueArray va;&]
[s7; -|if(IsValueArray(h))&]
[s7; -|-|va `= h;&]
[s7; -|va.Add(http`[`"id`"`]);&]
[s7; -|[* http.SessionSet(`".LIST`", va);]&]
[s7; -|http.Redirect(HomePage);&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; struct MyApp : SkylarkApp `{&]
[s7; -|MyApp() `{&]
[s7; -|-|root `= `"myapp`";&]
[s7; -|#ifdef `_DEBUG&]
[s7; -|-|prefork `= 0;&]
[s7; -|-|use`_caching `= false;&]
[s7; -|#endif&]
[s7; -|`}&]
[s7; `};&]
[s7; &]
[s7; CONSOLE`_APP`_MAIN&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; #ifdef `_DEBUG&]
[s7; -|StdLogSetup(LOG`_FILE`|LOG`_COUT);&]
[s7; -|Ini`::skylark`_log `= true;&]
[s7; #endif&]
[s7; &]
[s7; -|MyApp().Run();-|&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; &]
[s7; &]
[s5; [* Skylark07/index.witz:]&]
[s7; &]
[s7; <html>&]
[s7; <body>&]
[s7; <form action`=`$Submit method`=`"post`" accept`-charset`=`"utf`-8`"
enctype`=`"multipart/form`-data`">&]
[s7; <P>&]
[s7; `$post`_identity()&]
[s7; <INPUT type`=`"text`" name`=`"id`">&]
[s7; <INPUT type`=`"submit`" value`=`"Add to list`">&]
[s7; </P>&]
[s7; </form>&]
[s7; List (`$count([* .LIST])):<br>&]
[s7; `$for(i in [* .LIST])&]
[s7; -|`"`$i`" &]
[s7; `$endfor&]
[s7; </body>&]
[s7; </html>&]
[s7; &]
[s7; &]
[s3; 8. Ajax support&]
[s5; Skylark provides optional direct support for handling Ajax requests.
On client side, this support is implemented using tiny JavaScript
library `"skylark.js`".&]
[s7; &]
[s7; #include <Skylark/Skylark.h>&]
[s7; &]
[s7; using namespace Upp;&]
[s7; &]
[s7; SKYLARK(HomePage, `"`")&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; -|http.RenderResult(`"Skylark08/index`");&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; SKYLARK([* Add], `"add:POST`")&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; -|String r `= AsString(Nvl(http.Int(`"number1`")) `+ Nvl(http.Int(`"number2`")));
&]
[s7; [* -|http.Ux(`"result`", `"The result is: `" `+ r)]&]
[s7; [* -| .UxSet(`"number1`", r);]&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; struct MyApp : SkylarkApp `{&]
[s7; -|MyApp() `{&]
[s7; -|-|root `= `"myapp`";&]
[s7; -|#ifdef `_DEBUG&]
[s7; -|-|prefork `= 0;&]
[s7; -|-|use`_caching `= false;&]
[s7; -|#endif&]
[s7; -|`}&]
[s7; `};&]
[s7; &]
[s7; CONSOLE`_APP`_MAIN&]
[s7; `{&]
[s7; #ifdef `_DEBUG&]
[s7; -|StdLogSetup(LOG`_FILE`|LOG`_COUT);&]
[s7; -|Ini`::skylark`_log `= true;&]
[s7; #endif&]
[s7; &]
[s7; -|MyApp().Run();-|&]
[s7; `}&]
[s7; &]
[s7; &]
[s5; [* Skylark08/index.witz:]&]
[s7; <html>&]
[s7; <script type`=`"text/javascript`" src`=`"[* `$static/Skylark/skylark.js]`"></scrip
t>&]
[s7; <body>&]
[s7; [* `$js`_identity()]&]
[s7; <div id`=`"[* numbers]`">&]
[s7; <INPUT type`=`"text`" id`=`"[* number1]`">&]
[s7; <INPUT type`=`"text`" id`=`"[* number2]`">&]
[s7; <INPUT type`=`"button`" value`=`"Add`" onclick`=`'[* UxPost(`$Add,
`"numbers`")]`'><br>&]
[s7; </div>&]
[s7; <div id`=`"result`"/>&]
[s7; </body>&]
[s7; </html>&]
[s7; &]
[s7; &]
[s5; [*@5 `$static] variable is set by Skylark to the [@5 static`_dir
]configuration parameter, if missing it is set to [/ root]/static,
which makes Skylark to handle requests for static files (we expect
that for production environment, serving static files will be
off`-loaded to webserver). JavaScript function [*@5 UxPost ]recursively
scans through html elements provided as second, third etc.. parameters
and gathers all ids and values of input elements, packs them
into POST format and sends to Skylark handler specified as first
parameter. In this case it basically means that is sends [@5 number1]
and [@5 number2] values to server handler [@5 Add]. Note the use
of [*@5 `$js`_identity()] call `- this plays the same role in prevention
of [^http`:`/`/en`.wikipedia`.org`/wiki`/Cross`-site`_request`_forgery^ CSRF]
attacks as [@5 `$post`_identity] for FORM POSTs (alternative [*@5 UxGet]
function uses GET requests and does not require [@5 `$js`_identity]).
Also note the use of single quotes `' for onclick handler `-
this is because links to handlers are expanded as double`-quoted
strings.&]
[s5; The response to [@5 UxPost] or [@5 UxGet] requests is Skylark arbitrary
format that can be used to directly alter current web page. [*@5 Ux]
replaces innerHTML of matching (by id) element, [*@5 UxSet] sets
the value attribute of matching element. Not shown here, [*@5 UxRender]
is similar to Ux, but renders the text from witz template and
finally [*@5 UxRun] can be used to run any JavaScript code in the
client.&]
[s5; ]]
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